Classification of Computers | Types of Computer
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
A computer is a general purpose device that can be
programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical
operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily
changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
1. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO SIZE, FEATURES AND LATEST VERSIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS OF COMPUTERS.
Generations Of Computers
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS USED VACUUM TUBES AS SWITCHING DEVICE AND MAGNETIC DRUM FOR MEMORY. THESE COMPUTERS WERE OFTEN HUGE, OCCUPYING AN ENTIRE HALL.
The image on the left shows different vacuum tubes.
Because first generation of computers used vacuum tubes, they consumed a lot of electricity and produced excessive heat. You require cooling facilities to operate computers. This was the major problem of this generation of computers. Moreover, these tubes burned out because of too much heating and need to be replaced more frequent.
The operation cost of these computers were too expensive.
In first generation computers, the operating instructions or programs were specifically built for the task for which computer was manufactured. The Machine language was the only way to tell these machines to perform the operations. There was great difficulty to program these computers ,and more when there were some malfunctions.
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1956-1963) :TRANSISTORS
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
By 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly changed the computer’s development. Coupled with early advances in magnetic-core memory, transistors led to second generation computers that were smaller, faster, more reliable and more energy-efficient than their predecessors.
Features of 2nd Generation Computers
1. Transistors were used
2. Core Memory was developed
3. Faster than First Generation computers
4. First Operating System was developed
5. Programming was in Machine Language & Aseembly Language
6. Magnetic tapes & discs were used
7. Computers became smaller in size than the First Generation computers
8. Computers consumed less heat & consumed less electricity
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1956-1963) :TRANSISTORS
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
By 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly changed the computer’s development. Coupled with early advances in magnetic-core memory, transistors led to second generation computers that were smaller, faster, more reliable and more energy-efficient than their predecessors.
Features of 2nd Generation Computers
1. Transistors were used
2. Core Memory was developed
3. Faster than First Generation computers
4. First Operating System was developed
5. Programming was in Machine Language & Aseembly Language
6. Magnetic tapes & discs were used
7. Computers became smaller in size than the First Generation computers
8. Computers consumed less heat & consumed less electricity
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1964-1971)
The computers using small scale integration circuits and medium scale integration circuits are under this class. The invention of IC Chips made it possible to greatly reduce the size of computers with improvement in operation speed (nanoseconds) and reliability.
One of the most noticeable achievement of third generation computers is the development of operating systems. The operating systems allowed the machines to run many different applications. These applications were monitored and coordinated by the computer’s memory.
In 1969 AT&T Bell Laboratories programmers Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie developed the UNIXoperating system on a spare DEC minicomputer. UNIX was the first modern operating system that provided a sound intermediary between software and hardware. UNIX provided the user with the means to allocate resources on the fly, rather than requiring the resources be allocated in the design stages. The UNIX operating system quickly secured a wide following, particularly among engineers and scientists at universities and other computer science organizations. (Source)
User interface devices such as Keyboards & Monitors started from this generation. This is another important development of third generation.
GUI was started from third generation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
- Third Generation Computers were based on integrated circuit (IC) technology.
- Third Generation Computers were able to reduce computational time from microseconds tonanoseconds
- Third Generation Computers utilized operating systems to centrally control and made it possible for multiple programs to run on a computer
- Users interacted with computers through keyboards and mouse rather than traditional punched cards and printers.
- Third Generation Computers devices consumed less power and generated less heat. In some cases, air conditioning was still required.
- The size of Third Generation Computers was smaller as compared to previous computers
- Since hardware of the Third Generation Computers rarely failed, the maintenance cost for it was quite low.
- Extensive use of high-level language became possible in Third Generation Computers.
- Manual assembling of individual components was not required for Third Generation Computers, so it reduced the large requirement of labor & cost. However, for the manufacture of IC chips, highly sophisticated technologies were required
- Commercial production became easier and cheaper.
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